Cyber-physical attack and the future energy systems: A review

As the world increasingly relies on interconnected energy systems, the threat of cyber-physical attacks on these vital infrastructures has escalated, posing significant challenges to the security and reliability of future energy systems. We meticulously examine the potential threats and vulnerabilities associated with smart grids, including the integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage technologies. The potential impacts of cyberphysical attacks on various components of energy systems, such as power plants, transmission and distribution networks, and energy storage facilities are analyzed. The review extends to an assessment of current cybersecurity measures, such as intrusion detection systems, encryption, and access controls, evaluating their effectiveness in safeguarding against these emerging threats. We delve into the challenges and opportunities in the development of advanced cybersecurity strategies aimed at countering the evolving nature of threats to smart grids. The potential benefits and advancements that smart grids offer for the energy sector's future are explored. This includes the enhancement of grid security, and synergy with cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things, virtual reality, virtual power plants, nano-grids, and wireless power transmission. These developments not only present opportunities for innovation but also necessitate a proactive and sophisticated approach to cybersecurity.