Impact of wheat processing on growth, serum biochemistry, and ruminal microbiota in sheep (Ovis aries)

This study investigated the impact of wheat processing methods (wheat flour vs wheat pellets) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and rumen microbiome composition in sheep. Results indicated that feeding of wheat flour resulted in significantly higher terminal weight and average daily gain (P <0.05) and lower cholesterol and ALP04 levels (P < 0.05) in sheep compared to those fed wheat pellets. Analysis of 16s rDNA high-throughput sequencing data revealed significantly higher microbial richness (Chao1 index) in the rumen of sheep fed wheat flour (P < 0.05), even though the phylum-level composition dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria was similar in both groups of sheep. Notably, sheep fed wheat flour were found to have a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05). At the genus level, Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001 and Prevotella_1 were significantly more abundant in the rumen of sheep fed wheat flour (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis identified that both terminal weight and average daily gain were positively correlated with ruminal abundance of Bacteroidetes and Prevotella_1, while ALP04 was negatively correlated with the abundance of these taxa. Functional prediction using PICRUSt2 indicated enrichment of pathways related to the ABC-type glycerol-3-phosphate transport system, and periplasmic components in both wheat flour and pellet fed sheep. Overall, these findings suggest that dietary wheat flour modulates rumen microbiota composition, and improves growth performance in sheep.