Teachers' experiences of enacting pedagogical models and models-based practice: a systematic mixed study review

BackgroundThe shift from traditional, teacher-led methods towards more student-centred approaches in many countries has positioned pedagogical models and Models-based Practice (MbP) as a potential future for physical education pedagogy. Over the last 10-15 years there has been a surge in publications reporting on teachers' experiences of enacting models. These studies have not, until now, been synthesised. Such a synthesis would allow a richer, more nuanced and holistic understanding of teachers' experiences of enacting pedagogical models in physical education. This understanding helps to provide a robust evidence base from which to consider the usefulness of pedagogical models and MbP as a future physical education pedagogy.PurposeThe purpose of this review is to explore and synthesise teachers' experiences of enacting pedagogical models in literature from 2010 to 2022. In doing this we set out to answer the question: What are teachers' reported experiences of enacting pedagogical models and/or models-based practice?MethodsThis study employed a systematic mixed study approach to analyse empirical examples of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research published between 1st January 2010 and 31st October 2022. The selection process involved a comprehensive search strategy across four databases (SportDiscus, ERIC, Web of Science, Scopus), title and abstract screening, full-text evaluation, the use of the mixed methods assessment tool and a synthesis of the findings from the 91 included studies.ResultsThe findings highlighted five themes related to teachers' experiences of enacting pedagogical models: (1) developing democratic classrooms through pedagogical models, (2) enacting pedagogical models for professional growth, (3) strengthening student learning within and beyond the physical domain, (4) aligning curricula through pedagogical models, and (5) challenging the current state of physical education through pedagogical models. Results reveal teachers' efforts to democratise the classroom environment where students, regardless of their ability, were given equal opportunities. This democratisation occurred alongside teachers' pedagogical growth but was not without its challenges. The review underscores the multifaceted challenges of integrating pedagogical models into diverse educational contexts. Teachers report on the need for investment in professional development and the garnering of other professional support to be able to negotiate and adapt pedagogical models to the curricular aspirations in local contexts. Importantly, the review highlights how many teachers reported that their use of pedagogical models allowed them to extend student learning beyond the physical domain.DiscussionThe review makes an important, original and innovative contribution to understanding and knowledge in the field by highlighting the potential of pedagogical models to enrich physical education pedagogy by fostering more inclusive, reflective, and dynamic learning environments. It critically examines the barriers in the enactment of pedagogical models, ranging from infrastructural limitations to the intricacies of using pedagogical models in practice. The paper, therefore, highlights the need for supportive frameworks for teachers implementing pedagogical models that emphasises continuous learning and collaboration. In conclusion, we ask if pedagogical models are destined to remain a lofty ideal, or if there is a need to recalibrate our scholarly compass, broadening our research horizons to envisage a more inclusive and diverse future for physical education?