Artificial intelligence for retinal diseases

Purpose: To discuss the worldwide applications and potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) for the diagnosis, management and analysis of treatment outcomes of common retinal diseases. Methods: We performed an online literature review, using PubMed Central (PMC), of AI applications to evaluate and manage retinal diseases. Search terms included AI for screening, diagnosis, monitoring, management, and treatment outcomes for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal surgery, retinal vascular disease, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and sickle cell retinopathy (SCR). Additional search terms included AI and color fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA). We included original research articles and review articles. Results: Research studies have investigated and shown the utility of AI for screening for diseases such as DR, AMD, ROP, and SCR. Research studies using validated and labeled datasets confirmed AI algorithms could predict disease progression and response to treatment. Studies showed AI facilitated rapid and quantitative interpretation of retinal biomarkers seen on OCT and OCTA imaging. Research articles suggest AI may be useful for planning and performing robotic surgery. Studies suggest AI holds the potential to help lessen the impact of socioeconomic disparities on the outcomes of retinal diseases. Conclusions: AI applications for retinal diseases can assist the clinician, not only by disease screening and monitoring for disease recurrence but also in quantitative analysis of treatment outcomes and prediction of treatment response. The public health impact on the prevention of blindness from DR, AMD, and other retinal vascular diseases remains to be determined.