A narrative review and update on drain-related outbreaks

Background: Outbreaks linked to hospital drainage systems are well reported, and continue to present challenges to incident management teams. Such outbreaks can be protracted and complex, with multi-modal strategies being required for remediation. Aim: To summarize recent drain-related outbreaks, investigate whether multi-modal control measures are being implemented, and determine any antecedent factors. Methods: Databases were searched for drain-related outbreaks over a 5-year period. Search terms employed included 'healthcare drainage outbreaks', 'drain outbreaks', 'drainage system outbreaks', 'sink outbreaks' and 'shower outbreaks'. Information was collected on country of origin, pathogens involved, unit affected, drain types, patient numbers, drainage system interventions, type of drain disinfectant, infection control interventions, typing method, outcomes and any antecedent factors. Findings: Nineteen drain-related outbreak studies were reviewed. The majority of incidents were due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, and were from critical care settings. Most (16/19) studies recognized the need for a multi-modal approach. Information on the success of interventions was not documented for all incidents, but 13/ 19 studies reported no further cases after control measures. Variation in the choice of agent and frequency of application exists with regards to drain disinfection. Seven studies discussed antecedent factors. Conclusion: Despite drain-related outbreaks being reported for the last 24 years and review articles on the subject, outbreaks continue to pose significant challenges. There is currently no UK guidance on the management of drain-related outbreaks or the design of new buildings to mitigate the risk. Addressing the challenges from hospital drainage systems should be considered a priority by agencies and guidance developers. Crown Copyright (c) 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Healthcare Infection Society. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.