Enhancing perovskite solar cells with graphene-based nanocomposites for sustainable energy: A comprehensive review

Solar cells have emerged as a pivotal technology for addressing contemporary energy and environmental challenges, driven by the imperative for sustainable energy solutions. Among these, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant scientific attention due to their cost-effectiveness, competitive power conversion efficiency, lightweight design, and flexibility compared to conventional solar cells. The integration of new graphene-based materials in photovoltaic solar cells presents a promising avenue to overcome existing limitations. These materials offer versatile alternatives and composites with other valuable substances, facilitating exciton dissociation, improving charge transport, providing substrate coverage, inhibiting undesirable actions, enhancing sensitivity, and bolstering stability in PSCs. This review explores the potential of graphene-based materials in advancing PSC technology, examining current applications and strategic pathways for future research. Emphasis is placed on the intrinsic properties of graphene, alongside discussions on synthesis and functionalization techniques. Through an exhaustive analysis of recent literature, this study delves into the utilization of graphene and its derivatives in PSCs, while also addressing the potential benefits and challenges associated with their integration into photovoltaic systems.