Tailored synthesis of a unique two-dimensional pretzel-like core-shell SnO2/C composite for improved lithium storage performance

In this research, a unique two-dimensional (2D) core-shell SnO2/C 2 /C composite with a distinctive pretzel-like morphology was successfully synthesized using the tin-citrate complex as the tin source, and glucose as the carbon source through a hydrothermal synthesis, and followed by a high-temperature carbonization process. When assessed as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the composite demonstrated a significant specific capacity of 529 mAh g- 1 at a current density of 200 mA g- 1 after 100 cycles. Furthermore, it maintained ca. 200 mAh g- 1 at a high current density of 1.6 A g- 1 , indicating excellent cycling stability and rate capability. The remarkable electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the well-dispersed nanoscale SnO2 2 particles within the amorphous carbon matrix, the distinctive core-shell structure and 2D pretzel-like conductive network. The prepared SnO2/C 2 /C composite can be a promising alternative anode for future LIBs, offering higher energy density, prolonged cycle life, and faster charging capability compared to traditional graphite-based anodes.