A review on exploring the impact of graphene oxide-based nanomaterials on structures and bioactivity of proteins

In the past few decades, graphene oxide-based nanomaterials (GBN) have been utilized for various biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensors, and regenerative medicines. However, the interaction of graphene oxide (GO) and its nanocomposites with various cellular biomolecules like protein is not fully explored. Once the nanoparticles (NPs) enter the biological environment, they are surrounded by various biological fluids that form a complex between biomolecule and NP. The complex is commonly known as "nanoprotein corona" (PC). The behavior of nano-PC is influenced by various factors such as size, shape, pH, temperature, porosity, hydrophilicity, surface charge, and roughness of the nanomaterial. Analyzing the effect of multiple nanomaterial properties on the nano-PC is crucial for bio-nano-interface studies. In this review, we summarize the interaction of various proteins with GO and its nanocomposites, GBN in biophysical studies and bio-reactivity. In this review, we mainly depict the nature of GBN-PC, its significance, and its kinetics. In addition, factors affecting the nano protein-corona and the analytical techniques utilized to study the nature of nano-PC have also been discussed.