Pretreatment process of lignocellulosic biomass: A review of pseudo-lignin formation

After acidic and high-temperature pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, researchers find that some lignin-like substance appeared on the surface of cellulose, which is called pseudo-lignin. Pseudo-lignin can be formed through carbohydrate degradation or substitution reactions on the aromatic ring of lignin. Pseudo-lignin is identified as Klason lignin in compositional analysis, whereas in Py-GC-MS analysis, it is recognized as material derived from carbohydrates. Pseudo-lignin is an aromatic substance. Similar to lignin, it also affects enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency by blocking the enzymatic reaction sites of cellulose and non-productive adsorption with cellulases. In order to offer theoretical guidance and technical support for the advancement of cost-effective and efficient new pretreatment technology, this review summarizes the latest advancements in research concerning the origins of pseudo-lignin, its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis, and the strategies that inhibit pseudo-lignin formation.