THE PARADOX OF HUMANITARIAN Solidarities in the Migration of Eritreans to Europe

Eritreans experience what I call the paradox of humanitarian recognition. Beneficiaries of some of the highest refugee-recognition rates in Global North countries, Eritreans nevertheless experience kidnap, ransoming, extortion, and pre-emptive detention in countries of transit like Sudan and Libya. Efforts by the European Union to address these abuses under multilateral anti-trafficking agreements-as well as broader efforts to externalize European borders and asylum-have further contained and criminalized networks of solidarity that extend beyond countries of transit into countries of settlement such as Italy. Based on twenty months of participant observation and interviews with Eritreans in northern Italy, this article analyzes Eritrean migrants' experiences of violence in Libya, a country of transit, and efforts of Eritrean activists to both bring this violence to light and to aid recent refugees. Eritreans' experiences of seeking asylum upend the binaries between legal inclusion and exclusion on which refugee exceptionalism is predicated. [Blackness; refugees; Eritrea; Italy; recognition; migration]