Review of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil, hydrosol, and residues analysis: Composition, bioactivities, and valorization

Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L., or Salvia rosmarinus Schleid.) is a highly valued medicinal and aromatic plant native to the Mediterranean region. This versatile species has garnered significant attention for its diverse applications in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries, largely attributed to its rich phytochemical profile and potent biological activities. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the chemical composition and biological properties of rosemary essential oils (EOs), hydrosols (HDs), water residues (WRs), and solid residues (SRs) obtained through hydrodistillation. The review systematically examines the extraction methods, bioactive compounds, and the multifaceted therapeutic potential of these rosemary-derived products and by-products. The findings reveal that rosemary EOs and HDs are rich in terpenes, phenolic compounds, and other bioactive constituents, exhibiting potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. Furthermore, the review highlights the underexplored potential of WRs and SRs, which have been shown to contain valuable compounds such as rosmarinic acid and carnosol, with promising biological properties. The review also discusses the emerging trends in rosemary research, including the integration of advanced extraction techniques, nano-formulations, and the development of innovative rosemary-based products. These advancements have the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and commercial viability of rosemary-derived materials, paving the way for their broader application in various industries. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource, offering a deep dive into the multifaceted nature of rosemary and its untapped potential. The findings presented herein provide a solid foundation for future research and development, ultimately contributing to the sustainable and efficient utilization of this botanical treasure.