The median lingual foramen in the era of orthognathic virtual surgical planning

The median lingual foramen (MLF), which contains neurovascular bundles, is located in an area commonly considered safe for surgical procedures. However, published reports of severe complications after interventions in the mandibular symphysis area indicate the need for caution when approaching this region surgically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vertical location of the MLF and the median lingual canal (MLC) by measuring the distances of these landmarks to the root apex of the lower central incisors (LCI) and to the menton cephalometric point (Me) on pre-orthognathic surgery cone beam computed tomography scans ( N = 100). The results were analyzed in relation to the patients' type of deformity, age, sex, and number of foramina (single vs multiple). The median MLF-LCI and MLF-Me distances were 5.9 mm and 15.0 mm, respectively, while the mean MLC-LCI and MLC-Me distances were 9.7 mm and 11.6 mm, respectively. The mean LCI-Me distance was 21.3 mm, while the mean MLC length was 3.4 mm. Apart from the length of the MLC, the distances were all significantly greater in the male patients than in the female patients. The MLC-Me distance and MLC length differed significantly according to the number of foramina. In preoperative planning, the vertical locations of the MLF and respective MLC appear to be relevant for avoiding neurovascular complications.