Revolutionizing photocatalysis: Unveiling efficient alternatives to titanium (IV) oxide and zinc oxide for comprehensive environmental remediation

The suboptimal photocatalytic efficacy of Titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) has prompted an exploration into innovative materials for enhanced pollutant degradation in both water and air. This review rigorously examines novel photocatalytic materials designed to address a spectrum of pollutants, which includes, heavy metals, persistent organic compounds, pharmaceutical residues, and emerging contaminants. The investigation commences with a thorough exploration of the photocatalytic mechanism underlying these materials, unraveling the intricate processes that govern their pollutant-degrading capabilities. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis investigates the impact of various parameters-such as catalyst morphology, light sources, and reaction conditions-on the overall photocatalytic efficiency. This scrutiny provides valuable insights into optimizing the performance of photocatalysts under diverse environmental conditions. A pivotal component of this review involves an in-depth examination of the four most promising photocatalysts emerging from this research. Their unique attributes, coupled with a nuanced understanding of their challenges, are meticulously elucidated. Furthermore, the review extends its purview to the prospects of these promising photocatalysts, offering a roadmap for continued advancements in environmental remediation technologies. This review, grounded in a profound exploration of both the theoretical and practical aspects of photocatalysis, contributes substantially to the field by providing a well-founded basis for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. The insights gained from this comprehensive analysis aim to propel the development of efficient and sustainable photocatalytic processes, thereby paving the way for a cleaner and healthier environment.