Formation mechanism of carbonate cement in tight sandstone reservoirs in the depression zone of foreland basin and its impact on reservoir heterogeneity: The upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Western Sichuan foreland basin, China

The carbonate cements in tight sandstone reservoirs are diverse, complex, and important determinants of reservoir quality. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and formation mechanism of carbonate cement in the tight sandstone reservoirs of the Xu3 Member within the Xujiahe Formation in the depression zone of the Western Sichuan foreland basin. Core samples were examined on thin sections using cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscopy, fluid inclusion analysis, in situ carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, and rare earth element analysis. The study reveals that the Xu3 Member primarily comprises sublitharenite and litharenite, which has three stages of carbonate cementation within the reservoirs. On average, the reservoirs exhibit a porosity of 3.82% and a permeability of 0.1mD. In the eodiagenetic stage, calcite and dolomite (813CPDB = 0%o to -4.07%o; 818OPDB = -5.64%o to -12.69%o) formed, filling both intergranular pores and intragranular dissolution pores. This process is driven by the expulsion of organic acids through compaction from the clay and coal-bearing sections during shallow burial. The carbon sources originate from external organic acids and internal carbonate rock fragments, which combine with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions released from the dissolution of carbonate rock fragments. During the mesodiagenetic stage A, the predominant formation of ferroan calcite and ankerite (813CPDB = -5.98%o to -7.64%o; 818OPDB = -14.47%o to -19.87%o) occurred, filling intergranular residual pores and secondary intragranular dissolution pores. This phenomenon is caused by the expulsion of organic acids formed by the compaction of matured organic matter at greater burial depths. The carbon sources primarily originate from external organic acids and combine with Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ ions in the sandstone, alongside accompanying organic acids. During the mesodiagenetic stage B, coarse-macro crystalline calcites (813CPDB = -1.06%o to -1.64%o; 818OPDB = -17.95%o to -20.36%o) with significant positive Eu anomaly-filled fractures were formed. These calcites are associated with hydrothermal fluids in the deep subsurface, precipitating directly in the fractures due to the presence of hot hydrothermal fluids rich in Ca2+ and CO32- . The Xu3 Member displays two sandstone superimposed types. In the mudstone overlain by sandstone type, carbonate cement is mainly present in the middle of the cycle, and reservoir quality is relatively high at both the bottom and top of the cycle. In the sandstone overlain by sandstone type, carbonate cement is predominantly found in the middle and top sections of the cycle, with higher-quality reservoirs primarily forming at the bottom of the cycle. It resulted in significant heterogeneity observed in the tight sandstone reservoirs of the depression zone in the Western Sichuan foreland basin.