The frequent five: Insights from interviews with urban wildlife professionals in Germany

1. Wildlife in cities divides people, with some animals bringing positive benefits and others causing conflict, for example due to property damage. 2. Urban wildlife professionals from municipal administration, nature conservation, and hunting associations have a crucial role in shaping human-wildlife relationships in cities and fostering conflict-free coexistence. While many studies on urban wildlife have focused on the views of citizens, few have investigated the perspectives of experts to date. To address this knowledge gap, we interviewed 36 urban wildlife professionals giving guidance in the context of urban wildlife management, either in one of the four largest German cities by population (Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne) or at the national level. 30 Red foxes, wild boars, raccoons, stone martens and Eurasian beavers were the five mammal species most frequently highlighted in interviews to cause human-wildlife conflicts. The interviewees saw wild boars and raccoons as the most controversial urban wild mammals but emphasized the need to create refuges for beavers and better inform the public about foxes. 4. Management in terms of public outreach, urban planning and population control, as well as establishing official contact points and stricter fines of activities violating regulations were highlighted as important elements of a toolkit to manage urban wildlife conflicts. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.