The effect of single mothers' employment on their children's mental health in young adulthood: Random effects model for longitudinal data

Objective: Based on a longitudinal approach, this study explores the effect of single mothers' employment from pregnancy to their children's preschool years on their adult children's self-esteem and depression. Methods: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) were employed to pair mothers and their adult children. We used six NLSY79 CY waves from 2004 to 2014. A total of 2,596 single mother -headed household dyads were selected. Variables repeatedly measured at six points in time were tested using the Random Effects Model. Results: Results show that single mothers' higher frequency of employment from pregnancy to when their children were four years old was significantly related to their children's self-esteem and depression at above the age of 18 years. Discussion. Providing more opportunities for single mothers to get a job is necessary to enhance their children's mental health over time. Accessible job training programs for single mothers and free provision of accessible and highquality childcare services by the government should be focused on single mothers, particularly those who are pregnant or have children under the age of 5 years, for their children to positively develop self-esteem and reduce depression over time. The intergenerational transmission of inequality between single mothers and their adult children can be addressed by providing more opportunities for well -paying stable jobs with flexible schedules to single mothers, so they are better able to provide their children with time, support and resources.