The role of continental heterogeneity on the evolution of continental plate margin topography at subduction zones

The nature of the overriding plate plays a major role for subduction zone processes. In particular, the highly heterogeneous continental lithosphere modulates intra-plate tectonics and the surface evolution of our planet. However, the role of continental heterogeneity is relatively under-explored for the dynamics of subduction models. We investigate the influence of rheological and density variations across the overriding plate on the evolution of continental lithosphere and slab dynamics in the upper mantle. We focus on the effects of variations in continental plate margin and keel properties on deformation, topographic signals, and basin formation. Our results show that the thickness, extent, and strength of the continental plate margin and subcontinental keel play a crucial role for the morphology and topography of the overriding plate, as well as the retreat of the subducting slab. We show that this lateral heterogeneity can directly influence the coupling between the subducting and overriding plate and determine the partitioning of plate velocities across the overriding plate. These findings suggest that back-arc extension and subsidence are not solely controlled by slab dynamics but are also influenced by continental plate margin and keel properties. Large extended back-arc regions, such as the Pannonian and Aegean basins, may result from fast slab rollback combined with a weak continental plate margin and a strong and extended continental keel. Narrow margins, like the Okinawa Trough in NE Japan, may indicate a comparatively stronger continental plate margin and weaker or smaller continental keel. Additionally, continental keel properties may affect the overall topography of the continental lithosphere, leading to uplift of the deformation front and the formation of intermontane basins.