From Glycolysis to Viral Defense: The Multifaceted Impact of Glycolytic Enzymes on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication

Viruses require host cells to replicate and proliferate, which indicates that viruses hijack the cellular machinery. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV -1) primarily infects CD4-positive T cells, and efficiently uses cellular proteins to replicate. Cells already have proteins that inhibit the replication of the foreign HIV -1, but their function is suppressed by viral proteins. Intriguingly, HIV -1 infection also changes the cellular metabolism to aerobic glycolysis. This phenomenon has been interpreted as a cellular response to maintain homeostasis during viral infection, yet HIV -1 efficiently replicates even in this environment. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of glycolytic enzymes in viral replication and the impact of aerobic glycolysis on viral infection by introducing various host proteins involved in viral replication. Furthermore, we would like to propose a "glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-induced shock (G -shock) and kill strategy" that maximizes the antiviral effect of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to eliminate latently HIV -1 -infected cells.