Case Report: In Situ and Systemic Immune Response to Mucosal Leishmaniasis in an HIV-Infected Patient

In situ and systemic evaluations of the immune responses of HIV -infected patients to mucosal leishmaniasis have been poorly described. We describe a recently diagnosed HIV -infected patient with mucosal leishmaniasis who was characterized by a CD4 count of 85 cells/mm3 and nasal septum destruction resulting from pruritic and ulcerated nasal mucosa with crust formation and progression over 2 years. In situ and systemic immune evaluations of T cell activation, memory, and exhaustion were conducted using cytofluorometric assays, and sequencing of the Leishmania species was performed. The immune profile of HIV -infected patient with mucosal leishmaniasis shows a mixed Th1/Th2 pattern and an activated and exhausted status.