Seizure clusters, treatment patterns, and healthcare resource utilization in patients with epilepsy: A Wisconsin-based claims analysis

Background: Seizure clusters are underresearched and associated with adverse outcomes in patients with epilepsy. This study was a noninterventional, retrospective claims -based analysis using the Wisconsin Health Information Organization (WHIO) All -Payer Claims Database to characterize the epilepsy population in Wisconsin, with a focus on prevalence, treatment patterns, and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) in patients with seizure clusters prior to the introduction of nasal spray rescue medications. This timeframe allows characterization of a historical baseline for future comparisons with newer treatments. Methods: Four cohorts were defined: (1) all -epilepsy (all patients with epilepsy); and subcohorts of: (2) patients receiving a monotherapy antiseizure medication (ASM); (3) patients receiving ASM polytherapy; and (4) patients treated for seizure clusters (ie, those taking rescue medications and >= 1 ASM). Primary outcomes were HCRU over a 12 -month follow-up period, which were descriptively analyzed. Results: Between 2017 and 2019, 16,384 patients were included in the all -epilepsy cohort; 11,688 (71.3 %) were on monotherapy, 3,849 (23.5 %) were on polytherapy, and 526 (3.2 %) were treated for seizure clusters. Twelvemonth retentions to the ASM treatments were 46.7 % (7,895/16,904) in the all -epilepsy cohort, and 40.0 % (4,679/11,688) and 40.1 % (1,544/3,849) in the monotherapy and polytherapy subcohorts, respectively. Rescue medication prescriptions were obtained 1,029 times by the 526 patients in the treated seizure cluster subcohort, with infrequent refill rates (mean 1.6 -1.9 times/year). A higher proportion of patients in the treated seizure cluster subcohort had epilepsy -related outpatient visits (89.7 %), other visits (71.3 %), and hospitalizations (25.3 %) than patients in the monotherapy (72.2 %, 50.2 %, 19.3 %, respectively) and polytherapy (83.3 %, 63.3 %, 22.8 %, respectively) subcohorts. Mean (standard deviation) all -cause ($114,717 [$231,667]) and epilepsyrelated ($76,134 [$204,930]) costs over 12 months were higher in the treated seizure cluster subcohort than the monotherapy ($89,324 [$220,181] and $30,745 [$145,977], respectively) and polytherapy ($101,506 [$152,931] and $49,383 [$96,285], respectively) subcohorts. Conclusions: Patients treated for seizure clusters incurred higher all -cause and epilepsy -related costs and epilepsyrelated HCRU than other subcohorts and had infrequent rescue medication refills. The findings of this analysis highlight the need for appropriate treatment for those patients with epilepsy experiencing seizure clusters. The effect of newer rescue medications to alter these findings will be explored in a follow-up study. Regardless, specialist providers with expertise in treating refractory epilepsy and seizure cluster patients may help to reduce the burden of seizure clusters.