Anti-melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5 (Anti-MDA5) Dermatomyositis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Complicated by Pneumomediastinum: A Case Report and Literature Review

Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (anti-MDA5) dermatomyositis (DM) is a subset of amyopathic myositis and is associated with unique cutaneous manifestations and rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD). A rare complication associated with high mortality is the occurrence of pneumomediastinum. We present a case of a 58-year-old female with anti-MDA5 DM-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) complicated by pneumomediastinum. Treatment with pulse dose steroids and intravenous cyclophosphamide led to clinical improvement and resolution of the pneumomediastinum. Our case emphasizes the recognition of ILD-associated pneumomediastinum in patients with anti-MDA5 DM. Swift diagnosis and aggressive treatment are crucial due to the associated high mortality.