Enhancing piezoelectric properties of PVDF-HFP composite nanofibers with cellulose nanocrystals

With the increasing interest in flexible self-powering energy devices, piezoelectric polymers such as poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), PVDF-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE and poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) have garnered substantial research attention. Among these, PVDF-HFP has demonstrated immense research potential in harvesting mechanical energy and converting it to electric energy. It is also particularly attractive due to its low cost compared to some other PVDF co-polymers. In this study, PVDFHFP nanofibers were produced by electrospinning with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) employed as a filler to improve their piezoelectric performance. Smooth and bead-free fibers were obtained with up to 1 wt% of CNC in the solution. The inclusion of CNC increased the uniformity of fiber diameter and improved thermal stability. Higher CNC concentration (2-3 wt%) engendered agglomeration and adversely impacted the conversion of nonpolar phase to electroactive phase for PVDF-HFP molecules. At the optimal CNC concentration of 1 wt%, the voltage and current sensitivities for 1 cm2 samples were obtained as 0.146 +/- 0.048 mV/mN and 0.009 +/- 0.003 nA/ mN, respectively. The open-circuit voltage output of 2.69 +/- 1.11 V was achieved under an average impact force of 40 N, and this increased with increased magnitude and frequency of the applied force. The mechanical properties of composite nanofibers maximized at 0.5 wt% CNC with tensile strength of 37.85 +/- 4.35 MPa, elastic modulus of 124.96 +/- 42.17 MPa, and strain at failure of 82.32 +/- 14.84 %. The improved piezoelectric and mechanical properties of the CNC-aided electrospun PVDF-HFP fibers will open new pathways for flexible energy harvesting systems.