Memory-based event-triggered fault-tolerant load frequency control of multi-area power systems with electric vehicles

This paper focuses on the fault -tolerant load frequency control problem for a multi -area power system with electric vehicles, specifically addressing sensor failures. Electric vehicles are utilized for load frequency control, and a multi -area power system model is established while considering parameter uncertainty. To minimize network data transmission, a memory -based adaptive hybrid event -triggered mechanism is designed, utilizing historical data to construct a threshold function. In addition, both the system states as well as the faults are estimated using a sliding mode observer. The proposed fault -tolerant load frequency control scheme uses observers to mitigate the impact of sensor failures. By applying Lyapunov stability theory, sufficient conditions are derived for the stability of the multi -area power system. Finally, simulations are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed schemes.