Background: Large language models (LLMs) have gained prominence since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of citations and references generated by ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) in two distinct academic domains: the natural sciences and humanities. Methods: Two researchers independently prompted ChatGPT to write an introduction section for a manuscript and include citations; they then evaluated the accuracy of the citations and Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). Results were compared between the two disciplines. Results: Ten topics were included, including 5 in the natural sciences and 5 in the humanities. A total of 102 citations were generated, with 55 in the natural sciences and 47 in the humanities. Among these, 40 citations (72.7%) in the natural sciences and 36 citations (76.6%) in the humanities were confirmed to exist (P=.42). There were significant disparities found in DOI presence in the natural sciences (39/55, 70.9%) and the humanities (18/47, 38.3%), along with significant differences in accuracy between the two disciplines (18/55, 32.7% vs 4/47, 8.5%). DOI hallucination was more prevalent in the humanities (42/55, 89.4%). The Levenshtein distance was significantly higher in the humanities than in the natural sciences, reflecting the lower DOI accuracy. Conclusions: ChatGPT's performance in generating citations and references varies across disciplines. Differences in DOI standards and disciplinary nuances contribute to performance variations. Researchers should consider the strengths and limitations of artificial intelligence writing tools with respect to citation accuracy. The use of domain-specific models may enhance accuracy.
机构:
Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Elisabeth Tweesteden Hosp, Dept Intens Care, Tilburg, Netherlands
Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Erasmus MC Datahub, Rotterdam, NetherlandsErasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Workum, Jessica D.
Volkers, Bas W. S.
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Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Erasmus MC Datahub, Rotterdam, NetherlandsErasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Volkers, Bas W. S.
van de Sande, Davy
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Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Erasmus MC Datahub, Rotterdam, NetherlandsErasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
van de Sande, Davy
Arora, Sumesh
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Prince Wales Hosp, Sydney, AustraliaErasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Arora, Sumesh
Goeijenbier, Marco
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Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Spaarne Gasthuis, Dept Intens Care Med, Hoofddorp, NetherlandsErasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Goeijenbier, Marco
Gommers, Diederik
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Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Erasmus MC Datahub, Rotterdam, NetherlandsErasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Gommers, Diederik
van Genderen, Michel E.
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Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Erasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Erasmus MC Datahub, Rotterdam, NetherlandsErasmus MC Univ Med Ctr, Dept Adult Intens Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands