Advancements in sustainable food packaging: A comprehensive review on utilization of nanomaterials, machine learning and deep learning

This article explores the evolving role of packaging in the food chain, emphasizing the transformative impact of active packaging methods. Beyond conventional functions of storage and protection, modern food packaging integrates traditional preservation techniques with state-ofthe-art technologies to enhance food safety, shelf-life, and overall quality. Active packaging goes beyond containment, involving materials that interact with food to preserve freshness, nutritional value, and safety. It encompasses antimicrobial and antioxidant food packaging, nanomaterial-based films, and the integration of machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANN), and hyperspectral imaging (HI). Antimicrobial food packaging addresses microbial contamination without chemical preservatives whereas antioxidant food packaging mitigates oxidation-related degradation, particularly beneficial for oils, fats, and processed foods. ANN contributes to predictive modeling, optimizing active packaging composition and balancing protection with sustainability. HI emerges as a real-time tool for evaluating freshness, quality, and the dispersion of active components in food packaging, providing valuable insights for maintaining consistency and efficacy. Furthermore, the integration of ML and deep learning techniques enables predictive modeling and optimization of active packaging composition, ensuring enhanced food safety and quality assurance in the modern food industries.