Association of the hemoglobin glycation index with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with hypertension: findings from NHANES 1999-2018

Background: This study examines the association between Hemoglobin Glycation Index (HGI) and the risk of mortality among individuals with hypertension and to explore gender-specific effects. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018 were analyzed. Three models were constructed to assess the relationship between HGI and mortality risks, controlling for various covariates. Nonlinear relationships were explored using restricted cubic splines (RCS) and threshold effect analysis. Results: The findings reveal a U-shaped relationship between HGI and the cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality after adjusting for multiple covariates. Gender- specific analysis indicated a U-shaped relationship in men, with threshold points of -0.271, and 0.115, respectively. Before the threshold point, HGI was negatively associated with CVD mortality (HR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.44, 0.93, P=0.02) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.84, 95%CI: 0.71, 0.99), and after the threshold point, HGI was positively associated with CVD mortality (HR: 1.48, 95%CI: 1.23, 1.79, P<0.01) and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.24, 1.60). In contrast, HGI had a J-shaped relationship with CVD mortality and a L-shaped relationship with all-cause mortality in females. Before the threshold points, the risk of all-cause mortality decreased (HR: 0.66, 95%CI:0.56, 0.77, P=0.04) and after the threshold points, the risk of CVD mortality increased (HR: 1.39, 95%CI:1.12, 1.72, P<0.01) progressively with increasing HGI. Conclusion: The research highlights the significance of maintaining proper HGI levels in individuals with hypertension and validates HGI as a notable indicator of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risks. It also highlights the significant role of gender in the relationship between HGI and these risks.