Modeling golden section in plants

Plants are complex structures,changing their shapes in response to environmental factors such as sunlight,water and neighboring plants. However,some mathematical rules can be found in their growth patterns,one of which is the golden section. The golden section can be observed in branching systems,phyllotaxis,flowers and seeds,and often the spiral arrangement of plant organs. In this study,tree,flower and fruit models have been generated by using the corresponding golden section characteristics,resulting in more natural patterns. Furthermore,the golden section can be found in the bifurcate angles of trees and lobed leaves,extending the golden section theory.