Sensitivity of Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to the choice of SPEI probability distribution and evapotranspiration method

Study region: The state of Oklahoma located in the Southern Plains region of the United States. Study focus: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is a widely used meteorological drought index that incorporates potential evapotranspiration (PET) into a precipitation -based index. However, the understanding of the appropriate PET method for SPEI across different temporal scales in non -arid climate conditions remains limited. We compared Thornthwaite (TW), Hargreaves (HG), and Penman -Monteith (PM) equations for SPEI at various accumulations, considering three temporal scales: 1) long-term (25 years), 2) event -based, and 3) monthly. Also, we examined the log -logistic and generalized extreme value distributions to test the normality of SPEI computed from the three PET methods. To do this, we utilized high -quality climate datasets measured at 107 stations across the state of Oklahoma, United States, which has a diverse climate ranging from semi -arid to humid subtropical. New hydrological insights for the region: The log -logistic distribution was found to be suitable for SPEI. The SPEI-HG showed better agreement with SPEI-PM than SPEI-TW in this region for the analyses of three temporal scales. However, for accumulations of SPEI longer than one year, both TW and HG equations showed no significant differences with SPEI-PM. The findings provide practical guidance for selecting an appropriate PET equation in the Southern Plains region depending on the purpose of study without resorting to data -intensive methods for PET estimation.