Tilt Angle Effect on Natural Convection Heat Transfer from an Inclined Array of Square Cylinders

Natural convection heat transfer from an inclined array of square cross-section cylinders is experimentally studied. Three cylinders of side length D = 0.02 m and 1 m length are used to form the inclined array. Three-cylinder axis inclination angles to the horizontal of 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and 60 degrees are considered. The cylinders are heated using an internal heating element of constant heat flux. Surface temperatures are measured along the three surfaces of each cylinder; upper, lower, and the front side at nine points spaced evenly by 10 cm. The local circumference average temperature is obtained at each point. Four center-to-center distances to side length S/D = 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, and 2.75 are used. Local Nusselt numbers and the modified Rayleigh numbers are obtained for each cylinder at each circumference averaged temperature point. Results show that the lower cylinder heat transfer is least affected by the array compared to that of its single one followed by the middle and the upper cylinder for all S/D and the inclination angles used. The Nusselt number is degraded from that of the single cylinder at a small S/D and that degradation decreases as the S/D increases for all angles. It is observed that the Nusselt number enhances at the small cylinder axis tilt angle of 30 degrees, followed by 45 degrees, and 60 degrees, especially at high modified Rayleigh numbers. New novel general empirical correlations for Nusselt numbers are obtained for each S/D using the cylinder axis tilt angle, the modified Rayleigh numbers, and the cylinder number in the array as parameters. A new general correlation is obtained for the array using the modified Rayleigh number, S/D, the cylinder axis tilt angle, and the cylinder sequential order number as parameters. These new correlations will help any engineering applications using such a configuration of the array.