Application of microextraction in pipette tips in clinical and forensic toxicology

The efficient sample preparation is fundamental in the bioanalysis. Application of solid-phase extraction represents effective sample clean-up and allows final compatibility with selected analytical output. Routine practise desires more efficient and greener approaches. Various μ-solid-phase extraction pipette tips and disposable pipette extraction tips are commercially available. Also, many researchers use home-made tips filled with their own sorbents to improve the efficiency and selectivity of their applications. This review details application of extraction pipette tips in clinical and forensic toxicology with a close focus on the most abused groups of substances. We also cover practical aspects of use of microextraction in pipette tips, their applications for treatment of biological samples of human origin, and sorbents applied for this process. Different approaches to microextraction, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed that enable informed decision which extraction pipette tips can be applied in clinical practice. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.