Stand diversity increases pine resistance and resilience to compound disturbance

被引:0
|
作者
Germain, Sara J. [1 ]
Lutz, James A. [2 ]
机构
[1] Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, 1000 E Univ Ave, Laramie, WY 82071 USA
[2] Utah State Univ, Dept Wildland Resources, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA
来源
FIRE ECOLOGY | 2024年 / 20卷 / 01期
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
Associational resistance; Bark beetles; Drought; Diversity-productivity; Fire; Pine; Smithsonian ForestGEO; Yosemite Forest Dynamics Plot; YOSEMITE-NATIONAL-PARK; TREE MORTALITY; BARK BEETLES; ASSOCIATIONAL RESISTANCE; PRESCRIBED FIRE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SIERRA-NEVADA; RESIN DUCTS; RIM FIRE; FOREST;
D O I
10.1186/s42408-024-00283-x
中图分类号
Q14 [生态学(生物生态学)];
学科分类号
071012 ; 0713 ;
摘要
Background Drought, fire, and insects are increasing mortality of pine species throughout the northern temperate zone as climate change progresses. Tree survival may be enhanced by forest diversity, with growth rates often higher in mixed stands, but whether tree defenses are likewise aided remains in question. We tested how forest diversity-productivity patterns relate to growth and defense over three centuries of climate change, competition, wildfire, and bark beetle attack. We used detailed census data from a fully mapped 25.6-ha forest dynamics plot in California, USA to conduct a spatially explicit, dendroecological assessment of large-diameter Pinus lambertiana survival following fire reintroduction. Our structural equation models investigated direct and indirect pathways by which growth, defense, and forest composition together mediated pine resistance and resilience.Results In the historical era of frequent, mixed-severity fire (pre-1900), trees that were ultimately resistant or susceptible to the post-fire bark beetle epidemic all showed similar growth and defenses, as measured by axial resin duct traits. During the era of fire exclusion (1901-2012), however, susceptible trees had slower growth. Following fire re-entry in 2013, both growth and defense declined precipitously for susceptible trees, resulting in fatal bark beetle attack. Spatial analysis showed that monodominant crowding by shade-tolerant competitors contributed to the long-term stress that prevented susceptible trees from recuperating defenses quickly following fire re-entry. For beetle-resistant trees, however, we found positive feedbacks between diversity, growth, and survival: trees in species-rich communities had higher growth rates pre-fire, which promoted a rapid recuperation of defenses following fire that helped trees resist bark beetle attack. Overall, this associational resistance outweighed associational susceptibility (+8.6% vs. -6.4% change in individual tree survival odds), suggesting a relaxation effect that ultimately allowed 58% of large pines to survive.Conclusions Though climate change threatens forest biodiversity, biodiversity is key to forest climate adaptation in return. Our findings demonstrate centennial-scale feedbacks by which forest diversity increases pine resistance and resilience to climate-amplified disturbances. The spatially explicit, dendroecological framework provides new insights into diversity-productivity theory, while also informing climate-adaptive forest management by identifying thresholds of tree density and richness that maximize large pine survival. Antecedentes Sequ & iacute;as, incendios, e insectos est & aacute;n incrementando la mortalidad de especies de pino a trav & eacute;s de toda la regi & oacute;n templada del norte de los EEUU, a medida que avanza el Cambio Clim & aacute;tico. La supervivencia de & aacute;rboles puede aumentarse con la diversidad forestal, con productividades muchas veces m & aacute;s altas en rodales mixtos, aunque el c & oacute;mo se promueve la defensa de esos & aacute;rboles permanece a & uacute;n irresuelta. Probamos c & oacute;mo los patrones de productividad y diversidad se relacionan con el crecimiento y la defensa del bosque en tres centurias de Cambio Clim & aacute;tico, competencia, fuegos y ataques del escarabajo de la corteza. Usamos datos de censos detallados de un rodal mapeado completamente, sobre la din & aacute;mica del rodal en una parcela de 25,6 ha en California, EEUU, para conducir un trabajo espacialmente expl & iacute;cito de dendro-ecolog & iacute;a en la sobrevivencia de & aacute;rboles de Pinus lambertiana de gran di & aacute;metro luego de la reintroducci & oacute;n del fuego. Nuestro modelo de ecuaci & oacute;n estructural investig & oacute; los caminos directos e indirectos por los cuales el crecimiento, las defensas, y la composici & oacute;n del bosque todos juntos median la resistencia y resiliencia de los pinos.Resultados En la era hist & oacute;rica de los fuegos de severidad mixta (pre-1900), los & aacute;rboles que eran tanto resistentes como susceptibles al ataque post fuego del escarabajo de la corteza mostraban defensas y crecimiento similares, medidos por los ductos de resina axiales. Durante la era de la exclusi & oacute;n del fuego (1901-2012), sin embargo, los & aacute;rboles susceptibles tuvieron menores crecimientos. Luego de la reintroducci & oacute;n del fuego en 2013, tanto el crecimiento como las defensas declinaron precipitadamente en los & aacute;rboles susceptibles, resultando en ataques fatales del escarabajo de la corteza. Los an & aacute;lisis espaciales revelaron que las copas mono-dominantes de & aacute;rboles competidores tolerantes a la sombra, contribuyeron al estr & eacute;s de largo plazo que les impidi & oacute; a los & aacute;rboles susceptibles de poder recuperar r & aacute;pidamente sus defensas luego de la reintroducci & oacute;n del fuego. Para los & aacute;rboles resistentes al escarabajo de la corteza, encontramos retroalimentaciones positivas entre diversidad, crecimiento y supervivencia: los & aacute;rboles en comunidades ricas en especies tuvieron tasas de crecimiento m & aacute;s altas previo al fuego, lo que promovi & oacute; una r & aacute;pida recuperaci & oacute;n de sus defensas luego de un incendio y ayudaron a esos & aacute;rboles a resistir el ataque del escarabajo de la corteza. Por sobre todo, esta resistencia asociativa super & oacute; a la susceptibilidad asociativa (+ 8,6 vs -6,49% de cambio en la probabilidad de supervivencia individual de & aacute;rboles), lo que sugiere un efecto de relajaci & oacute;n que permiti & oacute; sobrevivir al 58% de los pinos m & aacute;s grandes.Conclusiones Aunque el Cambio Clim & aacute;tico amenaza la diversidad forestal, la biodiversidad es, de manera rec & iacute;proca, un fator clave para la adaptaci & oacute;n clim & aacute;tica de los bosques. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran una retroalimentaci & oacute;n a escala de centuria y por la cual la diversidad forestal aumenta la resistencia y resiliencia de los pinos a los disturbios clim & aacute;ticos amplificados. El marco dendro- ecol & oacute;gico espacialmente expl & iacute;cito, provee de nuevas perspectivas en la teor & iacute;a de la diversidad-productividad, mientras que la vez informa sobre el manejo forestal clim & aacute;tico-adaptativo mediante la identificaci & oacute;n de l & iacute;mites en la densidad y riqueza de & aacute;rboles que maximiza la supervivencia de los pinos m & aacute;s grandes.
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