In Silico Investigation of Biomechanical Response of a Human Brain Subjected to Primary Blast

The brain response to the explosion-induced primary blast waves is actively sought. Over the past decade, reasonable progress has been made in the fundamental understanding of blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) using head surrogates and animal models. Yet, the current understanding of how blast waves interact with human is in nascent stages, primarily due to the lack of data in human. The biomechanical response in human is critically required to faithfully establish the connection to the aforementioned bTBI models. In this work, the biomechanical cascade of the brain under a primary blast has been elucidated using a detailed, full-body human model. The full-body model allowed us to holistically probe short- (<5 ms) and long-term (200 ms) brain responses. The full-body model has been extensively validated against impact loading in the past. We have further validated the head model against blast loading. We have also incorporated the structural anisotropy of the brain white matter. The blast wave transmission, and linear and rotational motion of the head were dominant pathways for the loading of the brain, and these loading paradigms generated distinct biomechanical fields within the brain. Blast transmission and linear motion of the head governed the volumetric response, whereas the rotational motion of the head governed the deviatoric response. Blast induced head rotation alone produced diffuse injury pattern in white matter fiber tracts. The biomechanical response under blast was comparable to the impact event. These insights will augment laboratory and clinical investigations of bTBI and help devise better blast mitigation strategies.