CaO@ZrO2@g-C3N4 nanosorbent for superior malachite green dye selectivity and adsorption from contaminated water

The steady rise in the volume of waste produced by the forestry, lumber, and paper sectors has necessitated the exploration of methods to convert these waste products into commercially advantageous resources for human use. The present study presents the synthesis and utilization of CaO@ZrO2@g-C3N4 (CZCN) as an innovative adsorbent for eliminating malachite green (MG) from aqueous solutions. The CZCN nanosorbent was subjected to characterization using various analytical techniques, including XRD, EDX, TEM, BET, FTIR, and XPS. The examination of characterizations indicated that the CZCN exhibited a limited range of particle sizes and possessed a significant surface area. The findings from the adsorption experiments demonstrated a correlation between the efficiency of MG dye removal and variations in solution pH, starting concentration, and reaction time. The adsorption equilibrium isotherm demonstrated that the adsorption of MG adhered to the Langmuir isotherm model, exhibiting a maximum adsorption capacity of 1140 mg/g. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the experimental data. The CZCN nanosorbent exhibits promising adsorption capabilities, suggesting potential for future investigation and utilization in treating wastewater containing dyes.