China's hydropower energy system toward carbon neutrality

Wind and solar powers will gradually become dominant energies toward carbon neutrality.Large-scale renewable energies,with strong stochasticity,high volatility,and unadjustable features,have great impacts on the safe operation of power system.Thus,an advanced hydropower energy system serving multiple energies is required to respond to volatility,with expanding role from a "stable energy supplier" to a "flexible efficiency regulator".Future research and application can be considered from three aspects:1) system expansion(e.g.,the construction of large-scale hydropower/renewable energy bases in China,the construction of transnational hydropower energy internet,and the functional transformation of traditional hydropower reservoirs and generating units);2) efficiency promotion(e.g.,advanced intelligent forecasting,multi-objective operation,and risk management methods);and 3) supporting measures(e.g.,market reform,benefit compensation and policy mechanism,technical standards,and laws and regulations).