Obesity, ectopic fat and cardiac metabolism

Introduction: Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, expending independent adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. This relationship is complex due to several associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors/markers such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance/dysglycemia, or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity induces a variety of cardiovascular system structural adaptations, from subclinical myocardial dysfunction to severe left ventricular systolic heart failure. Abnormalities in cardiac metabolism and subsequent cardiac energy, have been proposed as major contributors to obesity-related cardiovascular disease. Ectopic fat depots play an important role in several of the hypotheses postulated to explain the association between obesity, cardiac metabolism and cardiac dysfunction. Areas covered: In this review, we addressed with contemporary studies how obesity-associated metabolic conditions and ectopic cardiac fat accumulation, translate into cardiac energy metabolism disturbances that may lead to adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Expert commentary: Obesity and ectopic fat accumulation has long been related to metabolic diseases and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Recent imaging advances have just started to address the complex interplays between obesity, ectopic fat depots, cardiac metabolism and the risk of obesityrelated cardiovascular disease. A better comprehension of these obesity-associated metabolic disturbances will lead to earlier detection of patients at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and to