Present-day 3D deformation field of Northeast China, observed by GPS and leveling

A broad view of present-day 3D deformation field around the Northeast China region was derived from GPS and leveling observations. We draw the following conclusions: First, the Northeast China region moved towards northwest with an average velocity of 5 mm/a, with respect to South China. The entire Northeast China region was in a low strain state from the strain rate field. Second, we processed two periods of first-order leveling data in 1970s and 1990s, showing the vertical deformation of the Northeast China region is "up-lift in western part and subsidence in eastern part".