Reading-Related Skills, Reading Achievement, and Inattention: A Correlational Study

Here we investigated the psychological texture of a literacy-related disability, specific reading disability (SRD, also referred to as dyslexia), as it is manifested in Russian and defined in the Russian Federation. Specifically, we attempted to understand the emerging properties of this deficit among 96 students in grades 2 and 3 (38 girls and 58 boys, aged 7.90-10.42 years, mean = 8.87, SD = 0.56) attending a public primary school in St. Petersburg, Russia. Based on the linguistic properties of the Russian language, we designed a literacy-skills assessment battery that incorporates both internationally common (i.e., the traditional IQ-achievement discrepancy-based) and Russia-specific (i.e., typology-based) approaches to identifying reading difficulties in emergent readers. In addition, we measured children's levels of general intelligence, inattention, and hyperactivity (i.e., the symptomatology related to attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, ADHD). Multi-trait-multi-method methodology was employed in that data were collected both from teachers and students for multiple reading-related processes, using both self-report and maximum performance assessments. The results are interpreted in terms of the convergence (and lack of such) between the common and country/language-specific approaches to the identification of reading difficulties, and the relevance of the general level of intelligence to diagnosing specific reading difficulties in Russian and in Russia.