CHARGE MODELS OF WATER-MOLECULES AND THE DIPOLE QUADRUPOLE THEORY OF SURFACE-POTENTIAL

The method of expansion in terms of effective electrostatic interaction is applied to the charge model of water. On this basis, the orientation-dependent part of the density profile in the surface layer at a water-vapor interface is obtained and expressions for the surface polarization are derived. For a plane interface, the surface potential involves two terms: dipole and quadrupole, which, in the low-temperature limit, compensate each other in the principle order of reciprocal permittivity. Nonmonotonic variation of the potential with depth is related to octapole and higher moments.