The main research programs in sociology of science

The article analyzes the emergence, dynamics and transformation of the main programs in the sociology of scientific knowledge. Macrosociological and microsociological studies of science are considered, which relate to the "external" and "internal" sociology of science. Macrosociology studies science as a social institution, the history of science, scientific trends. Microsociology analyses laboratory practices and relationship between scientists into disciplines and theories. In each of these directions a "weak" and "strong" programs are allocated. The "weak" program considers interaction between social context and science, "strong" program proves, that sociality is included in scientific knowledge. The supporters of the "weak" program include P. Merton and B. Latour. Considered the ideas of the B. M. Hessen, who showed the connection of the bourgeois economy with classical physics. B. M. Hessen largely anticipated the ideas of R. Merton. The "strong" program approves the conventional nature of scientific knowledge and scientific truths; scientific knowledge is a social construct. The supporters of the "strong" program include D. Bloor and K. Knorr Cetina. Further development of the sociology of science leads to the emerges of new theories and concepts - actor-network theory, theory of object-centered sociality. New concepts as epistemic object, sociotechnical networks, postsocial knowledge societies are appears. New theories suggest that objects and people are partners for interaction. Thus, the conception of relationship between science and society becomes more deep and complex. The programs complement each other; scientific knowledge depends on both cognitive and social processes.