THE RECENT VEGETATIONAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST OF BOWLAND, LANCASHIRE, UK

The results of C-14- and Pb-210-dated pollen profiles from the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire are presented, covering the period from the late Iron Age up to the present day. Two notable features of the pollen profile are the apparent lack of a period of large-scale forest destruction during the time of the Norse invasions and the substantial phase of tree clearance towards the end of the Iron Age period. The evidence suggests that the Viking invasions into Lancashire may not have been as destructive as once believed. The invasions were probably gradual, possibly localized (certainly as regards the Bowland area) and seem to have occurred alongside existing populations. Previous pollen-analytical evidence regarding the Iron Age peoples of north-west England has supposed them to have had little effect on their surrounding vegetation. It is now suggested that forest clearance previously assigned to the Romans in north-west England is of Iron Age origin. The pollen profiles presented also reflect several changes of socio-economic conditions that have affected rural populations in Lancashire during the last millennium. An important example is the decimation of populations during the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is suggested that these were caused by the development of subsistence economies, leading each time to a Malthusian crisis. These population declines may also have been exacerbated by outbreaks of plague. The fall in population at both times, is clearly reflected by rising arboreal pollen values, indicative of slackening rates of forest clearance.