Robotic Repair of Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect With Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return and Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

The presence of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and/or persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) is usually viewed as a contraindication for robotic repair of complex atrial septal defects, such as those of the sinus venosus type. Three patients, aged 29, 73, and 23 years, successfully underwent totally endoscopic, robotic-assisted repair of sinus venosus-type atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and persistent LSVC. Two different techniques-direct cannulation or placement of a sump sucker-were successfully used to manage venous return from the persistent LSVC.