Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Clinical Relevance for the Cardiovascular System

Background: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an end product formed from the omega-3 fatty acids derived from alpha-linolenic acid. DHA has various important functions in the organism. Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the clinical significance of long chain omega-3 fatty acids for the cardiovascular system. Methods: Systematic analysis and evaluation of human studies - including prospective double blind studies, epidemiological and retrospective studies, short term biochemical and haematological studies with surrogate markers - performed in the last 10 years and found in the major electronic databases, coupled to information in standard works and published monographs. Results and Conclusions: DHA and long chain omega-3 fatty acids can be used to counteract hypertriglyceridaemia and as adjuvants to statins or fibrates. They are indicated for the primary prevention of myocardial infarction, where there may be additional benefits such as reduction in blood pressure. They also provide benefits in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. DHA/EPA preparations have been approved in various countries for secondary prophylaxis after a myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction prophylaxis must nevertheless be embedded in additional therapeutic and dietetic measures and in changes in life style. The American Heart Association recommends that ca. 1g DHA/EPA should be taken daily under medical supervision in the form of fish and/or a supplement.