Smoking is an established risk factor for the development and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with prominent production of cytokines. The aim of the work was to study the possible effect of secondhand exposure on disease activity in non-smoking female RA patients. This cross-sectional study include 100 women with RA attending the rheumatology outpatient clinic and were grouped according to the non-smoking status into those not exposed to smoking and those considered secondhand smokers (SHS). Disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) was calculated and the patients’ global assessment (PGA) score were assessed. The mean age of the patients was 45.2 ± 12.1 years and disease duration was 8.3 ± 6 years. Their DAS28 score was 4.3 ± 0.93 with a PGA score of 1.47 ± 1.36. Forty-seven of the patients were SHS and 53 were non-exposed. The secondhand smokers were significantly younger (41.6 ± 11.7 years) than the non-smokers (48.3 ± 11.6 years) (p = 0.005), and the DAS28 was significantly higher (4.6 ± 0.84 versus 4.1 ± 0.97; p = 0.02) compared to non-smokers. The disease duration and medications received were comparable. There is evidence pointing to the important role of secondhand smoking on disease activity in RA female patients. Studying the effect of secondhand smoking in view of the cytokine milieu could help confirm the relation to the disease pathogenesis. Taking into consideration the risk of cardiovascular disease and interplay with other potential factors should be well thought of. It is essential to draw patients’ attention to the expected hazardous effect of passive smoking.
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Gianfrancesco, Milena
Trupin, Laura
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Univ Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Trupin, Laura
Shiboski, Stephen
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Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Shiboski, Stephen
van der Laan, Mark
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Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
van der Laan, Mark
Graf, Jonathan
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Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Zuckerberg San Francisco Gen Hosp, San Francisco, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Graf, Jonathan
Imboden, John B., Jr.
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Univ Calif San Francisco, Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Imboden, John B., Jr.
Yazdany, Jinoos
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Univ Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
Yazdany, Jinoos
Schmajuk, Gabriela
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Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco VA Med Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94143 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Med Rheumatol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USAMassachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USA
Fisher, Mark C.
Hochberg, Marc C.
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Univ Maryland, Div Rheumatol & Clin Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USAMassachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USA
Hochberg, Marc C.
El-Taha, Muhammad
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Univ So Maine, Dept Math & Stat, Portland, ME 04103 USAMassachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USA
El-Taha, Muhammad
Kremer, Joel M.
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Albany Med Coll, Div Rheumatol, Albany, NY 12208 USAMassachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USA
Kremer, Joel M.
Peng, Cheng
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Univ So Maine, Dept Math & Stat, Portland, ME 04103 USAMassachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USA
Peng, Cheng
Greenberg, Jeffrey D.
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New York Univ Hosp Joint Dis, Dept Rheumatol, New York, NY USAMassachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Boston, MA 02114 USA