Contingent orienting or contingent capture: A size singleton matching the target–distractor size relation cannot capture attention

In the present study, we examined whether a peripheral size-singleton distractor that matches the target–distractor size relation can capture attention and disrupt central target identification. Three experiments consistently showed that a size singleton that matches the target–distractor size relation cannot capture attention when it appears outside of the attentional window, even though the same size singleton produces a cuing effect. In addition, a color singleton that matches the target color, instead of a size singleton that matches the target–distractor size relation, captures attention when it is outside of the attentional window. Thus, a size-relation-matched distractor is much weaker than a color-matched distractor in capturing attention and cannot capture attention when the distractor appears outside of the attentional window.