Measurement-device-independent quantum protocol for E-payment based on blockchain

In this paper, we present a novel measurement-device-independent quantum protocol for electronic payment (E-payment), which can remove side channel attacks for the detectors. Especially, we use Bell states instead of three or more-qubit entangled states to reduce the complexity of quantum resources. Furthermore, we employ both quantum public-key encryption and blockchain technologies to ensure more perfect security properties. Compared with the previously proposed protocols, our proposed protocol has not only higher security but also better feasibility with current technologies.