A cis-regulatory map of the Drosophila genome

Three papers in this issue of Nature report on the modENCODE initiative, which aims to characterize functional DNA elements in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Kharchenko et al. present a genome-wide chromatin landscape of the fruitfly, based on 18 histone modifications. They describe nine prevalent chromatin states. Integrating these analyses with other data types reveals individual characteristics of different genomic elements. Graveley et al. have used RNA-Seq, tiling microarrays and cDNA sequencing to explore the transcriptome in 30 distinct developmental stages of the fruitfly. Among the results are scores of new genes, coding and non-coding transcripts, as well as splicing and editing events. Finally, Nègre et al. have produced a map of the regulatory part of the fruitfly genome, defining a vast array of putative regulatory elements, such as enhancers, promoters, insulators and silencers.