RETRACTED: Intelligent power management based on multi-objective cost function for plug-in biogas hybrid vehicles under uncertain driving conditions (Retracted article. See vol. 11, 2025)

This paper presents a new intelligent power management strategy based on multi-objective cost function for plug-in biogas hybrid vehicles (PBHVs). This strategy consists of long-term power management and a short-term controller. The long-term power management depends on an improved generalized particle swarm optimization algorithm (IGPSO) to obtain the globally optimal values of motor and biogas engine torques. To reduce the computation time, five-mode rule-based control is used, where the IGPSO estimates the optimal values for the motor and engine torques in a hybrid mode depending on a multi-objective cost function. This cost function aims to reduce fuel consumption and the drawn current from the battery and takes into consideration the battery ageing. The short-term controller is designed using an interval type-2 Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (IT2TSK) fuzzy algorithm, which depends on human experts to overcome the uncertainties of the driving conditions. Lyapunov stability theory for the online controller is proved. The proposed technique improves the energy consumption compared to other techniques. The simulation results using real data for the engine, motor and battery illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach with comparative results.