RETRACTED ARTICLE: Dielectric, ferroelectric and impedance study of Bi0.5Ba0.5Gd0.5Ti0.5O3

The synthesis of novel perovskite Bi0.5Ba0.5Gd0.5Ti0.5O3 (BBGTO) was carried by the cost-effective solid-state reaction method. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction peaks suggests that BBGTO crystallizes with a tetragonal crystal structure. The crystallite size of 78.60 nm for the BBGTO perovskite is being computed by the application of Scherrer relation. The presence of stretching, bending vibrations of Ti–O in octahedron [TiO6]2− and stretching vibrations of BiO6 (octahedral) is realized by the analysis of the FTIR absorption bands. Tauc’s plot using the UV–Visible DRS data of BBGTO suggests the optical bandgap of 2.29 eV and 1.87 eV for direct and indirect allowed transition, respectively. The dielectric permittivity plot with temperature showed a good broad characteristic peak justifies a possible diffuse type of ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition in BBGTO. The ferroelectric behavior of BBGTO perovskite is further validated by a polarization–electric field loop (PE loop). The present perovskite exhibited both negative and positive temperature coefficient of resistance. The investigation of Jonscher’s power law suggests that the BBGTO perovskite follows the overlapping large polaron tunneling OLPT model conduction mechanism. The electrical parameters like capacitance and resistance of grain boundary and grain of BBGTO were obtained by simulating the experimental impedance data with an equivalent circuit of {(CQR) (CR)}. The bulk resistance (Rb) steadily decreases from 4.978 kΩ at 25 °C to 1.262 kΩ at 500 °C. The current density versus applied electric field (J–E) plot was also investigated to understand the SCLC (space charge limited conduction) mechanism of Bi0.5Ba0.5Gd0.5Ti0.5O3.