Friedrichs Extension and Min–Max Principle for Operators with a Gap

Semibounded symmetric operators have a distinguished self-adjoint extension, the Friedrichs extension. The eigenvalues of the Friedrichs extension are given by a variational principle that involves only the domain of the symmetric operator. Although Dirac operators describing relativistic particles are not semibounded, the Dirac operator with Coulomb potential is known to have a distinguished extension. Similarly, for Dirac-type operators on manifolds with a boundary a distinguished self-adjoint extension is characterised by the Atiyah–Patodi–Singer boundary condition. In this paper, we relate these extensions to a generalisation of the Friedrichs extension to the setting of operators satisfying a gap condition. In addition, we prove, in the general setting, that the eigenvalues of this extension are also given by a variational principle that involves only the domain of the symmetric operator. We also clarify what we believe to be inaccuracies in the existing literature.