Outperforming iBodies: A Conceptual Framework Integrating Body Performance Self-Tracking Technologies with Body Image and Eating Concerns

Recently, the use of digital self-tracking devices has increased exponentially. Although these devices are positioned as health-tools, an emerging empirical literature has started to document relationships between the use of such technologies and body image and eating concerns. To date, however, these explorations have not been guided by an integrated theoretical framework. The present manuscript aimed to fill this gap by providing a framework to guide and stimulate this area of research. The proposed framework integrates elements of critical sociocultural theories that have been successful in accounting for the development and maintenance of body image and eating concerns and other body change behaviors, including theories of Biopower and those that highlight the role of objectification and self-surveillance, and it extends them to describe how self-tracking devices, and specifically body performance tracking tools, may contribute to pressures to monitor, discipline, and mold the body to unrealistic appearance ideals through the consumption of products and services. The framework focuses on how these processes promote the pursuit of an outperforming ibody, a perpetually optimizing body that leverages technological advancement to fine-tune its appearance and performance. In addition, the integrated framework describes the role of gender, and how women may be disproportionately vulnerable to their negative effects. Thus, such devices may be unhelpful to vulnerable individuals and perpetuate cultural discourses that hinder positive embodiment. The framework laid out here will hopefully contribute to stimulating research in this area.